I Think About The Word Ethics - 1489 Words

When I think about the word ethics the first thing that comes to mind is what is it, and what does it mean to me? Ethics itself is how one conducts themselves in what they deem is an appropriate manner. It is the basis of our moral decisions and makes us who we are as people and influences our choices. There are different components in ethics that consist of, acting out of duty, good intentions, consequences, utility or outcome of one’s actions and striving to be a virtuous person. The one that stands out the most and influences my behavior is virtue. Whether it is my thoughts or actions I try to remain virtuous in my behavior. Doing the right thing because that is what is morally right is how I make my decisions. I would rather go out of†¦show more content†¦Overcoming these vices and still maintaining a virtuous attitude shows true strength and virtuous character. This, I also believe, stands out as one of the important aspects of virtue. Even when difficult vices are set in front of you to choose along with the good, being virtuous would result in picking the right choice because it is simply that, the right thing to do. Augustine Aurelius, more commonly known by the name Saint Augustine, was quite astonishingly one of the most important and influential thinkers in history as we know it. Although he had extremely pessimistic views, his way of thinking towards contemporary political theory shaped his following and ideas into what is known about him today. â€Å"Many critics target Augustine s pessimism, arguing that his fixation on sin and longing for the heavenly city deny the value of this-worldly politics.†(Lamb, 2014) Born in Tagaste in 354, he was particularly exposed to varying cultures and religion. Living in North Africa throughout his childhood, he saw and recognized the coexistence of these cultures and religions around the time of Emperor Constantine. The edict of religious tolerance took the forefront around 1313, and this inspired him to search for the truth. He set out to reach this goal after examining and reading the works of Cicero. His exhortation to â€Å"love wisdom† was what sparked the inspiration of Augustine to explore different doctrines that were presented at the time of his life.Show MoreRelatedEthics : Ethics And Ethics851 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Berger who stated, â€Å"Without ethics, man has no future. This is to say, mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions and suggest difficult priorities† (Berger). His meaning behind that quote is simple. In this world is there a right and a wrong way of doing something? In this world, ethics determines our actions and the consequences that come about those actions, determining right and wrong. The real question is however, are Ethics black and white? Is what is â€Å"right†Read MorePersonal Code of Ethics Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Code of Ethics Having a personal code of ethics is very important to me since it defines who I am and what my beliefs are. My ethical code symbolizes who I am as an individual as a result of my moral, religious, intellectual and cultural upbringing. One of my greatest wishes is for my personality and actions to clearly define my code of ethics, without me verbalizing or someone else reading it on a document. Some questions that I would like others to ask and come up with theirRead MoreChristian Ethics : The Bible870 Words   |  4 PagesRyan DeHooge Mr. Ingram Christian Ethics 6 May 2017 Christian Ethics Summary By definition, ethics is the branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right and wrong. As a Christian, ethics takes on a whole new meaning because it bases what is right or wrong on what the Bible teaches us. I have gained a lot of spiritual and Biblical knowledge this year in the study of Christian ethics. In class we discussed numerous teachings from the Bible in which Jesus shares God’s spiritual and moralRead MoreEssay on Virtue Ethics900 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue, when I hear that word I think of value and morality and only good people can be virtuous. When I hear the word ethics I think of good versus evil, wrong and right. Now when the two are put together you get virtue ethics. You may wonder what can virtue ethics possibly mean. It’s just two words put together to form some type of fancy theory. Well this paper will discuss virtue ethics and the philosophy behind it. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development and what virtuesRead MoreMedia Ethics Definition1554 Words   |  7 PagesDictionary defines ethics as moral standards and as a system of morals. Websters then defines moral as, of or dealing with right or wrong. Similarly, media ethics are moral standards that are applied to the media. An example of this is the Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics(1), a standardized list of items that members of the SPJ use as a guide in their strides to be effective journalists. In a similar manner, media professionals sometimes use their code of ethics as a device toRead MoreQuestions On Academic Integrity Seminar1710 Words   |  7 Pagesseminar I do honest work. The words in this exercise will be mine, unless other sources are clearly identified. Cameron Rudasill from Stevenson University 1. Do you think Greenspan is being realistic or naive about the possibility of business ethics? I believe that Greenspan is being realistic about business ethics. In the article, he says that we should achieve success through work that has honor. Most business men in today’s society are honest and have fair values in mind. But I think the smallRead MoreWho Is Born Having Anencephaly Condition?967 Words   |  4 PagesTwo years ago I could remember sitting in class as we discussed current topics that came on the news the night before. The topic of a baby who was born having Anencephaly condition stirred a controversial yet emotional debate. This is a condition where the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. In other words, the baby has ‘no brain’. The child was born having ‘frog-like’ features, protruding eyes, scaly skinRead MoreHow Critical Thinking and Ethics Affect My Life Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesHow Critical Thinking and Ethics Affect my Life? Heather H. Hubbard Bryant amp; Stratton College Philosophy 250 Mr. Christopher Schwab October 19, 2011 How Critical thinking and Ethics Affect my Life. For this paper I was asked how critical thinking and ethics will affect my career as both a student and a professional, in order to answer that question I must first answer the question of what is critical thinking and ethics. One thing that is certain about success in any and all aspectsRead MoreWhat Is Ethics Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesEthics is the study of right and wrong conduct. (Ruggiero, 2008) â€Å"Over the past few decades, a sizable industry has arisen to serve the demand for ready-made and even customized compositions and term papers. Many students presumably believe there is nothing morally wrong with the practice of buying one of these papers and turning it in to fulfill a course requirement.† (Assignment) Explanation to my friend on the matter: When someone decides to buy a term paper/essay they are buying words thatRead MoreThe Well Being Aristotle And Human Happiness1000 Words   |  4 Pagesexistence† (Nicomachean Ethics). 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Corruption in the Indian Judiciary Free Essays

Judiciary is in some way at a higher pedestal amongst these three organs because it is the only mechanism to keep the executive and legislature within their jurisdictions by confining them not to abuse or misuse their powers. It controls, corrects or quashes the executive, however high it is, and even sets aside acts of the legislature if it acts contra-constitutionally. Judiciary is the guardian and final interpreter of the Constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in the Indian Judiciary or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a place of utmost trust as it is last resort for the people. It is not negated that corruption is non-existent in certain judicial systems rather it would be fair to say that in some countries corruption is nominal, infrequent and the result of individual, unethical behaviour. It is also evident from the words of the former Chief Justice of India S. P. Bharucha, when he grieved over the rampant corruption in the higher judiciary and brought to notice that around 20 percent judges of the higher judiciary are corrupt. Now the question remains; can the judicial accountability be trusted upon any more?Does the judiciary hold the same value, as it had earlier? Is the judiciary abusing its freedom? Can judges be permitted to do anything in the guise of ‘independence’? These are the questions which still remained unanswered. Judicial Corruption Corruption is the misuse of entrusted power for personal gain. In the context of judicial corruption, it relates to acts or omissions that constitute the use (or it is better to say ‘misuse’) of public authority for the private benefit of court personnel, and results in the improper and unfair delivery of judicial decisions.In corrupt judiciaries, citizens are not afforded their democratic right of equal access to the courts, nor do the courts treat them equally. The m erits of the case and applicable law are not paramount in corrupt judiciaries, but rather the status of the parties and the benefit judges and court personnel derive from their decisions. In corrupt judiciaries, rich and well-connected citizens triumph over ordinary citizens, and governmental entities and business enterprises prevail over citizens. No civilised society can command the people’s confidence if the judicature’s verdict is privately purchased at a competitive price.Corruption and Indian judiciary A judicial scandal has always been regarded as far more deplorable than a scandal involving either the executive or a member of the legislature. The slightest hint of irregularity or impropriety in the court is a cause for great anxiety and alarm. In last one decade, there are a number of instances where a judge is found to be involved in corrupt practices. This demands a close look in these scandals because if judiciary itself gets corrupted who will judge others. Before taking these scandals we should know the current legal position on corruption as applicable on judges laid down in Veeraswami case. Veeraswami Case This case is important in many ways. This was the first case where corruption charges were alleged against a judge of higher judiciary. This case dealt with many issues viz. whether judge of a high court or Supreme Court is a ‘public servant’ or not; who is the sanctioning authority for prosecuting a judge of a high court or Supreme Court under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947; whether Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred as Act) is applicable on judges or not etc. Before taking these issues in detail, let us know background of the case.The appellant had committed offence under section 5(2) read with clauses (b), (d) and (e) of section 5 (1) of the Act. On perusal of the charge sheet the special judge issued process for appearance of the appellant. The appellant thereupon filed a petition under section 482 of Cr. P. C. before the Madras High Court for quashing the prosecution. The Full Bench of the high court by a majority view has dismissed his case. However, in the view that the constitutional question involved in the case the high court granted certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.A five judge Bench of the Supreme Court heard the matter and four judgments were delivered. Shetty J. authored the leading judgment, with Venkatachaliah J. , signing with him. B. C. Ray J. wrote a separate but concurring judgment. L. M. Sharma agreed to dismiss the appeal but differ on some issues. Verma J. dissented. RECENT EPISODES In the last one decade, a number of instances unveiled by media and other active organizations where judges were involved in corrupt practices, which show that how corruption has crippled Indian judiciary. Some of them are discussed hereafter;Justice Soumitra Sen’s Issue In an unprecedented move by the CJI, wrote a letter to the prime minister, recommending that the proceedings contemplated by article 217(1) read with article 124(4) of the Constitution be initiated for removal of Justice Soumitra Sen, Judge, Calcutta High Court. 25 This recommendation was made on the basis of suggestions made by an In-House Committee, in a report submitted to the CJI that Justice Sen be removed from the office. The Committee has in its report accused Justice Sen of breach of trust and misappropriation of Reciever’s funds for personal gain.The in-house committee found that Soumitra Sen did not have honest intention, since he mixed the money received as Receiver and his personal money and converted the Receiver’s money to his own use. The motion for his removal is not yet initiated. It is expected that the history will not be repeated. If it is repeated it would be a dishonor upon the Indian judiciary and its accountability. Cash-for-Judge Scam CJI Balakrishnan is the first Chief Justice of India who has granted permission to an investigating agency to register of a criminal case against judges of Punjab Haryana High Court. This is for the first time that power conferred by Veeraswami case is exercised by any CJI. He allowed the CBI to interrogate two judges of the Punjab Haryana High Court, Nirmaljit Kaur and Nirmal Yadav, in connection with the cash for- judge scam. A law officer sent Rs. 15 lakh to Justice Nirmaljit Kaur’s official residence and later claimed that it was meant for Justice Nirmal Yadav and had been delivered to Justice Kaur by mistake. Apart from these episodes there are few more instances where judiciary got shammed.Like, Justice Jagdish Bhalla, Chief Justice Himanchal Pradesh High Court was also traced in dealing with such mal-practices when he got a plot on nominal price by a land mafia, who was one of the parties to a case before him. In all above stated instances the judges, being a public servant, were alleged to be involved in corrupt practices even though the recourse of the Act was not taken. There is no justification as to why judiciary did not take recourse of the Act and went for process of removal under article 124, which is next to impossible. *** RTI solution has not been edited in keeping with the view of other legal essays. How to cite Corruption in the Indian Judiciary, Papers

Stereotyping and Roles in Leadership Positions

Question: Discuss about the Stereotyping and Roles in Leadership Positions. Answer: Stereotyping is the behaviour demonstrated by individuals wherein assumptions and conjectures are made about a certain group of people and applied to individuals since they belong to that particular group irrespective of their personal features and attributes. Stereotypes may be neutral, negative or positive (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). Though negative and positive stereotypes have been found to have a declining impact on organisational culture and behaviour, they can also provide with a learning experience at times for the individuals. There is a body of debate regarding the benefits and the problems stereotyping can bring about (Champoux 2016). The common notion is that stereotyping can be considered as a form of categorical thinking helping people to have a sense of the world. The present research essay discusses how stereotyping benefits employees in an organisation and the potential problems of stereotyping. The essay aims to highlight the impact stereotyping on organisational behaviour in a workplace. It compares and critiques the findings of relevant current developments in the research topic. A logical conclusion is drawn to summarise the key points of the essay and provide implications for future practices. According to DuBrin (2013) stereotype is the belief, thought and notion adopted about a certain group of individuals that may not be accurately reflecting the reality. It is, therefore, the inflexible and bias belief cropping up about a certain group of individual or person. Stereotypes are a representation of social classification, becoming a factor for prejudice attitudes. Judge and Robbins (2015) suggests that stereotype can be rightfully an exaggerated image of an individual or group of individuals, permitting very little individual differences and social variation, passed along by other individuals. Stereotyping comes from personal experiences, peers, family members and media. Individuals have a tendency to tag a label on others since it gives a feeling of safety or security. Being judgmental is how stereotyping works and forming conclusions based on unfair assessment is the undermining view. These conclusions are often mutually detrimental and erroneous. Nahavandi et al. (2013) stated that stereotypes are prevalent as people want to have some comical effects out of it and make a sense of the world. The world is a vast place, and therefore people tend to find ways to make the surrounding straightforward for better understanding. Stereotypes can help people to categorise individuals into boxes that are manageable, allowing one to develop an expectation about situations and individuals. Duguid and Thomas-Hunt (2015) opine that all workplaces are breeding grounds of stereotype threats. In the workplace, such practices are harmful as well as limiting. In the corporate world the high price that organisations have to pay for entertaining stereotyping include loss of customers and sales, poor morale, litigation, diminished profit and difficulty in retaining valuable employees. According to Appelbaum et al. (2016) stereotyping can lead people working in an organisation to mistreat other individual in a particular manner on the basis of preconceived notions about the group that the individual belongs to. Diversity factors, mainly race, culture, ethnicity, age, gender and religion, contribute to the predisposition of stereotyping exhibited in any organisation. Incorporating non-discriminatory practices in a workplace promotes acceptance of individuals who have different cultural backgrounds and creates an environment of openness, thereby eliminating negative effects. Leslie, Mayer and Kravitz (2014) highlighted that stereotyping can lead to low morale for the group or individual who undergoes stereotyping and the whole workplace can be made toxic. Employees facing criticism, comments that are negative have the tendency to lose motivation to perform well. Their interest in their job is gradually diminished, and they are marked as bottom performers. Low morale is often found among the worker facing stereotyping and in indirect manner impacts organisations to a great extent. Over time, the organisation faces productivity loss, hampering the whole culture of the organisation. The other two issues with stereotyping are poor working relations and legal tension. Since collaboration and teamwork are necessary for the success of all organisations, stereotyping acts as a barrier for effective team work. Group progress is impeded as employees tend to act on the basis of stereotyping they face instead of having faith and self-confidence and putting in the be st efforts. An employee is prevented from getting help and support from other employees due to personal differences arising from stereotyping. Team work, therefore, suffers in here. Accepting or allowing the stereotypes to occur and the resulting consequences can lead to legal tension in an organisation. An individual affected by such negative practises may sue an individual who undertake such activities. The failure to enforce and implement fair practices and policies can be a burden for the organisation. Successful lawsuits have an impact on the organisation as it is financially draining. An environment where there is the constant ripple of negative stereotypes may give rise to a threat to targeted group individuals aspirations to become future leaders. Individuals who undergo stereotypic discrimination have fewer chances of selecting a leadership role in an organisation in subsequent tasks. Related to the individuals weak leadership aspirations, the individual may show weaker intentions to undertake the task. Such issues arise mainly when gender stereotyping is prevalent. It is often perceived that intensions and aspirations of women in a workplace are weaker when compared to male counterparts. The detrimental impact of stereotyping on aspirations has more to it than sheer willingness to combat difficult challenges, a feature of leadership in competitive organisations (Miller 2014). Dipboye and Colella (2013) found that men and women who initially gave good performance on a certain task diverged in the succeeding preferences for taking up a difficult task that had op portunities for rewards. Womens repugnance for uncertainty and difficulty make them forgo challenges, limiting their aspirations. Stereotyping holds the potential to diminish aspirations through self-handicapping (Baker 2014). Rather than giving best effort and defeating risks, individuals who are victims of stereotypes may come up with alternate explanations for having a low-grade performance. Psychological issues are cited as the reason for the lack of desired success. Stereotyping threat may lead to lowered desire among employees to get feedback and be open to constructive criticism. For example, among managers, stereotyping predicts indirect feedback requesting on uncertain indications to determine performance. Feedback discounting can also be a result of discounting, whereby the motives of providers of feedback are under questions. Since direct feedback is essential in order to have improvement in work performances, avoiding it limits the achievements of the organisation over time. Stereotype threat has an impact on the amount of trust that employees have towards actual as well as potential employers. Brink and Nel (2014) studied organisational case studies and found that implementing any policy opposed to explicit policies based on stereotyping heightens discomfort and distrust among the employees. Eliminating discrepancies can enhance leadership and build a sense of trust that encourages employees to excel. In organisations where employees talent is revered, individuals facing challenges and complexities may fail to realise their career aspirations and leadership potentials, thereby increasing the chances of failure. Bar-Tal et al. (2013) examines the possible downstream aftermath of stereotype on organisational performance. As per the author, stereotypically masculine features like rationality and assertiveness are related to high performers. Stereotypes preaching that men have a higher level of comfort in taking risks give them an added advantage over women in matters of entrepreneurial efforts for creating new and novel business ideas. Moreover, stereotypical anticipations that womens orientation is relational, may have an impact on how the approach towards them is. Another noteworthy domain of organisational performance where stereotypes make a mark is a negotiation. Negotiation is known to all as a decision-making process between interdependent parties over any matter of allocation of resources. Negotiations have a competitive component producing stereotyping threat. A significant non-performance result of stereotype is the tendency of individuals to have reduced engagement with work. Employees can distant themselves from people causing such stereotyping in order to maintain self-esteem. A person is often found to perform poorly and detach himself from work out of fear of proving the stereotype true. The individual, therefore, suffers a feeling of powerlessness. Individuals who are stigmatised gradually reduce the concern they have towards work and the care and devotion they give. Disengagement has an impact on motivation. If employees facing stereotyping are engaged with work and receive negative feedback, it is highly injurious to self-esteem (Kosakowska-Berezecka et al. 2016). Fiske (2016) contradicts the destructive impacts of stereotyping by stating that there are some benefits of stereotyping too that we often tend to overlook. Such practices may be useful in cases when an employee is in a new situation, and the situation demands fast decisions to be taken and quick judgements to be done. For example, if an employee does not have any prior experience of communicating with a senior member who holds an esteemed position, the employee can stereotype his senior to be reserved and formal. The approach to the employee would, therefore, be respectful, and the response would be appropriate, gaining him a positive impression. Mujtaba, Cavico and Seanatip (2016) support the positive impact of stereotyping by stating that it is a process of simplifying the environment in an organisation so that the understanding of the overall environment is less complex. It enables one to put people into categories, allowing the formation of expectations about individuals. Workin g in the organisation is, therefore, easier and predictable. Czopp, Kay and Cheryan (2015) brings into focus the aspect of positive stereotyping and states that positive stereotyping is the representation of contradictory confluences. Positive stereotypes are favourable belief and notions about groups. Stereotype is the picture we make in our mind representing a strange connection between reality and facts and the subjective analysis of the individual. A multifaceted duality of depersonalisation and favouritism is represented through positive stereotyping, and the implications of positive stereotyping in an organisation are mostly positive. A rich pool of evidence suggests that positive stereotyping has some psychological benefits for the group members faced with such practices; however, a growing body of research tries to indicate that there may be pervasive and profound negative impacts as well. The authors argue that positive stereotype improvers negative impression about one group. For example, self-promoting women employee in an organisat ion may act in a manner that puts focus on positive female stereotypes linked to dependence and communality for maintaining others positive impressions of them. Women who have the ability to demonstrate these stereotypes of gender may be getting advantages in an organisation under suitable conditions. Shih, Young and Bucher (2013) argue that group members who are a target of stereotyping mat at times exhibit well-being and increased performance with implicit reliance on the outcomes of stereotyping. For instance, upon subtly activating positive stereotyping, a boost in the work-oriented performance is experienced within the arena of stereotyping. Though stereotypes have always been known to have a negative impact on organisations, recent analyses put forward dissimilar approach and highlight the benefits of communication stereotypes in workplaces. There have been many examples where stereotyping has been made as the weapon for coming out of a difficulty and turning the situation in favour of the organisation. The underlying implication is that on one side is personal gain and on the other side is honesty. A reason why stereotypes exist is to scapegoat another individual so that the blame can be transferred easily and justification can be provided easily. Undesirable situations can, therefore, be avoided by employees at workplaces that may have otherwise led to miscommunication and conflict (Kalokerinos, von Hippel and Zacher 2014). Spencer, Logel and Davies (2016) conducted a study to investigate the relationship of managers stereotypes and employment decision-making. The study was conducted to establish the nature and kind of decision-making manager display at work and how stereotyping affects colleagues. The stereotypes exhibited by managers had both negative and positive impact on prejudicial perceptions. Positive stereotypes, describing employees to be hardworking, diligent and helpful led to positive decisions. Motivation is the underlying principle as these employees get motivated to work with more efforts for being under the good impression. Being in the good books has always been the goal of all employees, and this is further made easy through positive stereotyping of managers. Poor performers are also motivated to get into the category of valuable employees as they strive to make a difference through their work and efforts. Finkelstein, King and Voyles (2015) comment that though stereotypes have always been known to have a negative impact, there are some points of positivity about stereotyping too. Stereotypes at times guide and shape out attitude towards others, coming from different cultures and races. Stereotypes give us awareness of differences and the urgency to have a proper understanding of different values and norms existing in the world regardless of the assumptions we make. In this method, one learns to take part in communication and social interaction and verify the beliefs held. Stereotypes can be helpful when an employee of an organisation approaches individuals with different culture as he is provided with a restrained and refrained state of mind saving him from potential cultural and social blunders. Social experiences in an organisation can also become more organised through classification of people and situations in a method in which they can be easily remembered. Therefore stereotypes are useful as one enters a diversified workforce with people from different race, place and language. The gap in learning and experiences is therefore filled up. The above discussion reviews the positive implications of stereotyping in organisations and examines the stereotyping threat in organisations. Stereotyping is the method of mentally organising viewpoints about an individual or group of an individual based on scattered information. It works by ignoring unexpected information about the individual or group. Dispensing characteristics based on typical experiences is the key feature of stereotyping. It can be concluded from the above discussion, upon undertaking reflection, that there are positive as well as negative impact of stereotyping in an organisation. Stereotyping can protect an individual from sources of anxiety. One is given a sense of worth through designating own grouping as standard and designating others to be inferior. Stereotyping can enable a person to determine whether he possesses the abilities and characteristics of the members of the group he belongs to. It may serve purposes for supporting motivations and providing l ogic for the behaviour exhibited by others. Myriad opportunities are also present for such practices to have the pernicious effect on targeted individuals in any organisation. Given the absolute ubiquity of assessments in an organisation putting a focus on bottom-line performance, attempts to reduce stereotyping practices need to have their foundation on active efforts to diversify workforce, manage stereotypes, have provision for adequate staff training and shape the culture of organisations in methods that nurture adaptive credence. References Appelbaum, S.H., Wenger, R., Buitrago, C.P. and Kaur, R., 2016. The effects of old-age stereotypes on organizational productivity (part three).Industrial and Commercial Training,48(6), pp.303-310. Baker, C., 2014. Stereotyping and women's roles in leadership positions.Industrial and Commercial Training,46(6), pp.332-337. Bar-Tal, D., Graumann, C.F., Kruglanski, A.W. and Stroebe, W. eds., 2013.Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions. Springer Science Business Media. Brink, L. and Nel, J.A., 2014. Experiences of stereotyping among individuals employed in selected South African organisations.Journal of Psychology in Africa,24(6), pp.513-519. Champoux, J.E., 2016.Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations. Routledge. Czopp, A.M., Kay, A.C. and Cheryan, S., 2015. Positive stereotypes are pervasive and powerful.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(4), pp.451-463. Dipboye, R.L. and Colella, A. eds., 2013.Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases. Psychology Press. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Duguid, M.M. and Thomas-Hunt, M.C., 2015. Condoning stereotyping? How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(2), p.343. Finkelstein, L.M., King, E.B. and Voyles, E.C., 2015. Age metastereotyping and cross-age workplace interactions: A meta view of age stereotypes at work.Work, Aging and Retirement,1(1), pp.26-40. Fiske, S.T., 2016. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping. Judge, T.A. and Robbins, S.P., 2015.Essentials of organizational behavior. Pearson. Kalokerinos, E.K., von Hippel, C. and Zacher, H., 2014. Is stereotype threat a useful construct for organizational psychology research and practice?.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,7(3), pp.381-402. Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Adamska, K., Ja?kiewicz, M., Jurek, P. and Vandello, J.A., 2016. If my masculinity is threatened I wont support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in restoration of manhood and perception of gender relations.Psychology of Men Masculinity,17(3), p.274. Leslie, L.M., Mayer, D.M. and Kravitz, D.A., 2014. The stigma of affirmative action: a stereotyping-based theory and meta-analytic test of the consequences for performance.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), pp.964-989. Miller, K., 2014.Organizational communication: Approaches and processes. Nelson Education. Mujtaba, B.G., Cavico, F.J. and Seanatip, T., 2016. Managing Stereotypes toward American Muslims in the Modern Workplace through Legal Training, Diversity Assessments and Audits.Journal of Human Resources,4(1), pp.1-45. Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013.Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications. Shih, M., Young, M.J. and Bucher, A., 2013. Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: Identity management strategies in organizations.American Psychologist,68(3), p.145. Spencer, S.J., Logel, C. and Davies, P.G., 2016. Stereotype threat.Annual review of psychology,67, pp.415-437. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Touro University International Essays (436 words) -

Touro University International James L. White ACC 501 Module 1, Case Assignment Dr. Paul R. Watkins INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to search the course background information, the Internet and/or the Cyber Library. Discuss each of the following terms; Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Historical Cost, Accrual Basis vs. Cash Basis Accounting, Current Assets and Liabilities vs. Non-Current Items. My discussion will expand on the definition as given in the course terms and explain why this concept is important to financial statements. I will then describe the general organization of Ford Motor Company, Microsoft, and ExxonMobil by looking at three sets of their financial statements (Balance Sheet, Income Statement, and Statement of Cash Flows). I will make one prediction about each company's from that company's financial statements and Reach one additional conclusion about each company from the additional information I find in the annual report. By discussing these topics, I hope to offer some knowledge on these accounting terms and the three companies listed above. I will conclude this report with a brief summary of the entire analysis, highlighting some of the most significant parts that the report contains. terms Wikipedia defines Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as, "the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting. It includes the standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions and in the preparation of financial statements". (Wikipedia, 2006) Every country has their own version of GAAP with the standards being set by their national governing body. Wikipedia defines the United States version as, "the accounting rules used to prepare financial statements for publicly traded companies and many private companies in the United States". (Wikipedia, 2006) GAAP is not an unchanging set of rules. It is a guideline of objectives and conventions that have evolved over time to oversee how financial statements are arranged and presented. Qualified public accountants customarily audit companies to determine if their financial statements are in compliance with GAAP. GAAP has four basic assumptions (Economic Entity Assumption, Going Concern Assumption, Monetary Unit Assumption, and Periodic Reporting Assumption), four basic principles (historical cost principle, revenue recognition principle, matching principle and full disclosure principle) and four basic constraints (Cost-benefit relationship, Materiality, Industry practices and Conservatism). Organizations such as the; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Financial Accounting Standards Board, Government Accounting Standards Board , American Accounting Association, Institute of Management Accountants, and the Financial Executives Institute, all influence the development of GAAP in the United States. CONCLUSION WORKS CITED 1. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (USA): Retrieved October 12, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_GAAP 2. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Retrieved October 12, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAAP 3. "What Are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles?" from ALLBusiness . Retrieved October 13, 2006, from www.allbusiness.com

Ethics And Organizational Development Essays - Ethics, Free Essays

Ethics And Organizational Development Essays - Ethics, Free Essays Ethics And Organizational Development For many organisations 'ethics' is something to be defined and managed by senior executives. Consider the arguments for and against this control-oriented position. In today's world it is all too prevalent to see more and more people hungry to gain success at an ever-increasing rate. Modern culture can and indeed is labelled 'greedy' and 'thoughtless'. Through my relatively short time spent in business, I have encountered many of these types of people. But who are they hungry for? Who benefits from their thoughtlessness, and why do they do what they do? More importantly, who is to blame when things don't go according to plan? These are all questions asked constantly in the business domain, questions that often seem to include the word 'ethics' in their answer. Whether we look to consequentialism and always consider the outcome of a particular action, or conform to a more deontological form of ethical thinking and focus on always acting in a manner that seems 'right', I believe that a person cannot always be 'ethical', all of the time. If it were that easy, ethics would be a very small area of study. So what does the word 'ethical' mean? To me, it is to take into account every aspect involved in any given situation, peoples' feelings, thoughts and well-being, both now and in the future, and act as best one can to achieve the most satisfactory outcome for all concerned. From my viewpoint, acting in an ethical manner comes from each and every individual, each having learned from the environment in which they have grown and developed. Should the judgement, therefore, always be left to the individual? This is certainly not the case, as more and more organisations in the business world develop codes of ethics that they expect each member to follow. This definition and management of ethics can be seen as a control-oriented position. This control paradigm for organisational ethics is largely concerned with extracting the best possible results for the organisation as a whole. When acting within a certain environment, be it local, national or global, the organisation must be seen to be 'socially acceptable'. I believe this idea of control of the organisation's self-interest together with maintaining a good standing in the public eye to be the main factor for preparing these ethical codes. Both of these can only be achieved through clearly defined codes of ethics from which individuals' roles can conform through a manner of standardisation. However, through the enforcement of ethical codes, people revoke to a basic level of thinking, judgement and acting as identified in Lawrence Kohlbe rg's pre-conventional level. When put simply, it allows little room for individual thought or expression, only rewarding good actions and punishing those that are bad. Can it be right to control tasks that involve ethical reasoning by individuals? This is certainly much different than, say, controlling how someone operates a particular machine. Conversely, the autonomy paradigm, present in some organisations' ethical policies, is put in place to promote individual critique through their moral thought and judgement. It emphasises a feeling of a 'moral community', seen before in Kant's work, and from which Kohlberg developed his post-conventional level, that allows people to apply their own reasoning to daily situations. As Durkheim suggests and with which I agree, individuals submit to the environment in which they work and how others have previously cast out norms and values. This applies to general situations and therefore the majority. At other times, in more complex situations, an individual would then be left to choose their own actions. McMahon identifies that the legitimacy of managerial authority lies within a contract or promise. An employee, therefore, willingly submits to the thoughts and ideals of the organisation when they sign the contract of employment. That is, the exchange of labour for wages in which employment consists involves a promise on the part of employees to accept the directives of managers. To be sure, employees may be expected to use their own judgement in carrying out the tasks assigned to them. But if a managerial directive conflicts with an employee's judgement, the directive must take precedence. Otherwise the employee is attempting to renege on a morally binding agreement (McMahon, 1989). Whilst this in law is

Arming Pilots Essay Example for Free

Arming Pilots Essay After the September 11th attacks on America’s homeland, citizens became aware that action must be taken to protect passengers and pilots from terrorists. Although strict security measures have been put in place at all American airports, the only way to be certain that another terrorist attack does not occur using commercial aircraft lies in arming pilots with handguns. Not only will arming pilots help act as a preventative measure, it will ensure safer air travel and restore faith in America’s main form of long distance travel. Even though the number of hijackings is minuscule compared to the number of flights, arming pilots would be a first line of deterrence and a last line of defense. Some people may argue that other means should be used to stop hijackers, but as is the case with any illegal activity, if a person wants to commit a crime they will find the means. Therefore, the only way to prevent aircraft hijackings is with the use of guns. One alternative way that has been suggested is arming pilots with tasers, electric shock probes. These are considered problematic by many experts and do not guarantee bringing down a hijacker. As Criminal Justice expert Michael Swedemen said, â€Å"Had the pilots on the ill-fated planes on September 11th had stun guns, they might have dropped one of the hijackers, but the remaining three or four still would have overpowered the plane† (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Arming pilots would also aid airlines in recovering from the economic downfall that has plagued the industry since the attacks. With armed pilots, passengers would know they are safe from any possibility of a hijacking and the only thing that might cause catastrophic damage would be an unforeseen mechanical problem. Should hijackers be among the passengers they could easily be brought down with guns similar to that of a defiant criminal. Opponents have argued that a stray bullet might penetrate the fuselage or inadvertently hit an innocent passenger. The Air Line Pilot’s Association has called for arming pilots using special ammunition that can kill an attacker but not pierce the fuselage (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Hitting an innocent passenger is a risk that must be taken. One innocent life lost is far better than the possible countless losses on the hijacked aircraft and immanent destruction resulting on the ground. If passengers know that hijackers cannot take control of the plane, millions of Americans would once again begin flying which would improve economic conditions in a hurting industry. Other questions lie in the ability and mental state of a pilot to carry weapons. Senator Bob Smith (R-N. H. said, â€Å"Commercial pilots are trusted with the lives of thousands of Americans every day, and with proper training they could †¦ protect our skies from future acts of terrorism† (Dougherty, 2002, March 19). Pilots are some of the most mentally, physically, and psychologically tested people with hand/eye coordination that is among the best in any profession. Issuing firearms to pilots would, in effect, be like issuing a gun to a police officer. A pilot should be able to defend his aircraft instead of being left defenseless. The second amendment to the Constitution guarantees the right to bear arms. As this is true for a homeowner to protect his family and himself, this should be true for pilots and their aircraft should they come under attack. Although the idea of using air marshals still exists, they are seen as being less effective. Along with ineffectiveness, the cost of placing an air marshal on every flight is unrealistic. A pilot who has undergone the proper training can perform the same task while being paid by the airlines, rather than spending taxpayer’s dollars (Shaw, 2001, September 19). As support for handguns in the cockpit grows, we must ask ourselves if four guns had been in the cockpit on September 11th would 3,000 people be dead, two 110 story buildings have been brought down, the Pentagon attacked, and a nation left in shock? Americans must realize that committed terrorists will be able to get past security, leaving pilots as the last line of defense. Along with pilots, many Americans feel these measures have to be taken in order to make the friendly skies, friendly again. Arming Pilots. (2016, Sep 18).

Critically assess the proposition that Celebrity is bad for Essay

Critically assess the proposition that Celebrity is bad for celebrities by examining (a) Michael Jackson - Essay Example Media law also binds traditional news sources to a huge extent and it is unlikely that inappropriate material could be published and broadcasted through these types of sources. The frequency at which news coverage of a particular celebrity is circulated does play a huge role on the popularity and notoriousness of the celebrity and it does help to gauge how it does affect their future performance and sustainability. (Rockwell, 2004) â€Å"A method that is exploratory and interrogative in nature and predictive in intent†. Unlike researchers and media professionals who are able to use empirical methods and experiment for generating media report, content analysts are able to analyze data, printed matter, images and sounds to understand why they are important to people and how they present the information which is conveyed to them. The core function of content analysis is extremely valuable in this context because it results in demonstrating the extent to which occurrences information regarding celebrities can be investigated. The number of instances in which a certain type of information is broadcasted can serve as an indication of how the media is able to influence the life or personalities and it also assists in recognizing and understanding their personal matter. It is also believed that the content which has been presented by commercial media does offer the most authentic and most reliable news. It is a lso a reliable source which can help to examine the effects of the media on negative and unlikely celebrity behavior. (Semuels, 2007) It is evident that entertainment and also traditional media outlets include celebrity news on their web pages. There is always a deficit between the information which could be potentially harmful information and information which is genuine and authentic. This difference may not be huge and does prove the

Media related report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media related report - Essay Example In the music industry generally, music companies offer various pertinent details about the music album to the media in an effort to create curiosity as well as anticipation. The artist gives interviews to the media regarding the music album and releases previews on  the websites  so that the fans can listen to them and wait eagerly for the album’s release on the due date. The producers used various sources of media for generating interest  among  the fans by making announcements on their websites.  For Diving Board, avenues such as concert venues regarding the status of continued postponement of the release date and its reasons was posted. The producers of the album initially announced that the artist was not happy with the songs and  tracks,  so he was writing new tracks  of  the music album.  In this way, they succeeded to keep the music album in constant limelight for  one  year before its release and created  a lot of  speculation everywhere.   Finally, Sir Elton Johan gave an interview to Robert Copsey on Digitalspy.com and  also  gave them  a preview  of the new album, The Diving Board on Jul 16, 2013 (Copsey, 2013). He  also  talked about the passion  throughout  his life - music.  The premier single of this album was released on June 24,  2013,  and the music album was available  at  the market for pre-order.   When  the music  album was released in the market, various websites wrote reviews regarding this music album on their sites.   Before the release, most of them wrote reviews regarding the Elton John returning to his musical roots in 1970s and several reviewers were sceptical due to many postponements. After release of the album, the reviewer at Rollingstone.co.uk wrote on Sept 13, 2013 that this was a completely different musical style of the artist from the last album. He (Elton John) evoked the spirit of 1970s and reclaimed his legacy with which he made his name. Rolling Stones added that the work reminded  the

Ineffectiveness of Therapeutic Communities in Prisons Essay Example for Free

Ineffectiveness of Therapeutic Communities in Prisons Essay Prisons release 650,000 offenders to the public annually and 70% of those exoffenders will commit new offenses within three years (Fields, 2005, p. A4). According to the JFA Institute (2007), â€Å"two-thirds of the 650,000 prison admissions are people who have failed probation or parole—approximately half of these people have been sent to prison for technical violations† (p. 1). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks and incorporate therapeutic programs (Center for Justice Reconciliation, 2007). If criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness resulting in disruptions, prison violations, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Fields). During 2003 and 2004, approximately 900 criminals entered the nation’s jails and prisons each week based on a report issued in April 2006 by the U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (p. 1). Jails and prisons in the U. S. house more people with mental illnesses than many of the inpatient psychiatric facilities, and virtually all correctional facilities experience the impact of this population that is increasing at an unprecedented rate (McCuan, Prini, Wasarhaley, 2007). During 2006, 41% of inmate assailants were listed under the mental health caseload (Collins, 2006). In 2006, the U. S. Department of Justice released statistics revealing that 23% of state prisoners reported symptoms of major depression. An estimated 61% of state prisoners and 44% of jail inmates who had a mental health problem also had a history of past violent behavior. In a 1999 report (Dawn, 2007), the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill reported that there are three times as many seriously mentally ill individuals in prison and jails than there are being treated in hospitals. Equally disturbing is that the criminal justice system will have some type of experience with 25 to 40% of the mentally ill in the U. S. population. Inmates with mental illness present additional expenditure problems for prison systems already overburdened by population demands. The influx has challenged criminal justice professionals to extend their budgets to cover the costs of appropriate programming for every offender in an effort to minimize potential inmate unrest, a situation that leads to assaults and other infractions associated with idleness (Wilkinson, 1998). In 2007, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) reached a population milestone with a count of 50,000 offenders. As the inmate population rises in Ohio prisons, the possibility of inmate assaults may also go up â€Å"because overcrowding exacerbates the chronic pains of imprisonment† (Haney, 2006, p. 2). One way to manage a potential increase in assaults is to keep offenders engaged in some type of community activity and participating in therapeutic programs. Some officials reported that therapeutic programs and community service theoretically should be one of the most effective ways to engage an inmate’s time and energy and keep infractions at a manageable level. DRC views the involvement of inmates in community service and therapy as vital to their release. Ohio prison Director Terry Collins stated that ex-offenders who served as program participants during their incarceration help close the gap between themselves and their communities. As a result, these inmates are better prepared to function as lawabiding citizens â€Å"†¦because they have stayed in touch with the community and have given something of value back† (Collins, 2007, p. 1). â€Å"Very crowded prison systems are difficult to manage† (Wilkinson, 1998, p. 76). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. â€Å"Good prison management is engaging prisoners in meaningful activities such as educational programs and work assignments† (Wilkinson, p. 76). â€Å"The most important single factor (among many) that helps to explain the current crisis in American corrections—the lack of effective programming and treatment† (Haney, 2007, p. 76). Although prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments occupy inmates’ time, more meaningful community service as a restorative justice measure may be an effective way to address the challenge of prison crowding (Center for Justice Reconciliation, 2007). â€Å"The meaningful aspect is critical because it may help to instill responsibility and a changed attitude about criminal activity† (Wilkinson, p. 76). Prisons in the United States are facing the challenges of crowding including inmate idleness as it relates to programming expectations. Lack of programming in prison is a serious safety and security threat to the staff, the public, and the offenders. As inmate populations increase, once stable prison systems can become volatile environments and endanger prison staff and the systems they are charged with protecting (Gaes, 1994). When criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness. Inmate idleness can lead to disruptions, prison violations, gang-related activities, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Wilkinson, p. 76). Another issue confronting the criminal justice system is the increasing number ofyouth being sentenced to adult prisons (Fields, 2005). Every state within the U. S. has at least one statutory component that addresses the procedure of processing juveniles as adults in criminal court (Wilkinson, 1998). Prison officials also have other challenges. One challenge officials face includes accommodating the needs of state prisoners with symptoms of mania (43%) and major depression (23%) according to the U. S. Department of Justice (2006, p. 1). A major problem is that inmates with mental health problems are unable to defend their situation so they remain in prison. Although prison officials face the issue of crowding, they are also seeking ways for inmates to become engaged in some type of activity that will keep them busy for the majority of their waking hours. When offenders engage in some type of prison program or activity that helps with their transition from prison to society successful reintegration is possible. The theoretical framework of community service in the prison setting is the restorative justice model (Zehr, 2002). The restorative justice model advocates that offenders must demonstrate a desire or a goodwill gesture to pay back the public for the misdeed they committed in order to reconnect to their community. Restorative justice is a philosophical framework for responding to crime that focuses on the injury resulting from crime and the actions needed to mend this harm. It focuses on crime as an act against another individual or the community rather than the state. It is a future-focused model that emphasizes problem solving instead of â€Å"just deserts. † (Carey, 1996, pp. 152-153) Although several justice models exist, the restorative justice model combines the best features of the traditional, liberal, and conservative theories. â€Å"Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative by-products of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability† (Zehr, 2002, p. 16). By participating as community service volunteers, inmates choose to serve the community. The inmates’ actions demonstrate a desire to give back and a desire to assume responsibility for their actions. Community service programs have a restorative justice component that considers an offender’s successful transition from incarceration to community integration (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). When considering the large number of offenders in jails and prisons nationally, the problem demands the public’s immediate attention (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). Providing offenders with productive activities through programs like community service sends a message to the public that its safety and security is vital. It is also important to assist inmates in their transition back into the community by engaging them in an activity that keeps them connected to a society that has been offended by crime. Wilkinson (1998) reported that a significant percent of exoffenders that participated in community service while in prison did not recidivate compared to those offenders that did not participate (p. 91). Although community service may have a positive impact on an inmate’s community re-entry, the type of community service program inmates do during their incarceration may also improve their quality of prison life. Barak, Savorai, Mavashev, and Beni (2001) reported that dogs are becoming a valued therapeutic tool among health-care providers in clinical and non-traditional settings because of the calming affect dogs have on the physical and mental conditions of patients. Community service programs serve a useful role in managing inmate behavior and controlling the frequency and severity of inmate infractions within adult prisons. However, as prison crowding occurs, prison officials struggle to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. Inmate idleness is something that most states are confronted with and while prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments keep inmates occupied, these jobs are not enough to satisfy programming requirements to address the needs of rising populations. As inmate populations increase, stable prison systems could become volatile environments endangering prison staff as well as the inmates the systems are charged with protecting. When there are a limited number of prison jobs to address the population challenges, offenders find inappropriate ways to address their own idleness. The choices offenders make may lead to fights, staff assaults, riots, and other forms of aggression. References Barak, Y. , Savorai, O. , Mavashev, S. , Beni, A (2001). Animal assisted therapy for elderly schizophrenic patients: A one year controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(4), 439-432. Fields, G. (2005, January). Congress prepares to tackle prisoner recidivism: Lawmakers plan for bipartisan measures after report offers advice for overhaul. Wall Street Journal, p. A4. JFA Institute. (2007, November). Unlocking America: Why and how to reduce America’s prison population. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from www. jfa-associates. com U. S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 6). Study finds more than half of all prison and jail inmates have mental health problems. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/newsroom/pressreleases/2006/BJS06064. htm McCuan, R. , Prins, S. , Wasarhaley, N. (2007). Resources and challenges: Corrections and mental health collaborations. August 2007, Corrections Today: Female Offenders Collins, T. (2006). Ohio Department of Rehabilitation Correction: Pieces of the puzzle. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. drc. ohio. gov/ Dawn, B. (2007). Managing the â€Å"other† inmate. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. corrections. com Wilkinson, R. A. (1998). The impact of community service work on adult state prisons using a restorative justice framework. Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati, College of Education. Haney, C. (2007). Testimony of Professor Craig Haney. Prison overcrowding: Harmful consequences and dysfunctional reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz.

Investigating The Affect of Concentration on The Rate of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigating The Affect of Concentration on The Rate of Reaction Aim- To find out if changing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid affects the volume of gas released in 5 minutes. Background Information The rate of reaction depends on four things:- 1. Temperature 2. Concentration 3. Catalyst 4. Size of particles/surface area The Collision Theory The collision theory explains the rates of reaction, the rate of reaction depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide with each other. The basic theory is that particles have to collide with each other in order to react, but it is not that simple, as it also depends on how hard the particles collide. If the particles do not collide hard enough then they will not react, they will simply just hit each other and 'bounce' off. This means that even if I am not investigating the rate of reaction when the temperature is changed, it will still have a big part to play in my experiment. If the temperature is different in the classroom when I do each concentration of acid it may have a huge impact on my results. To help keep my results as accurate as possible I could take the temperature of the room before I do each experiment. If the temperature in the room is below 20 C the particles will still be moving, but very slowly. This would cause the react to be very slow. At temperatures above 20 C the particles will be moving at a regular speed. Low Concentration High Concentration Activation Energy Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction. Each molecule has a certain amount of energy, when molecules collide they have to collide with more energy than they already have in order to react this is called a successful collision. If the molecules collide but do not create enough energy this is an unsuccessful collision and the molecules do not react. I am going to focus on the concentration. If the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is increased, then so will the number of collisions. If the acid is more concentrated it means that there will be more particles in the same size space compared to a diluted acid, this means collisions will be more likely and more frequent as the particles are closed together. Apparatus I Will Need:-  · Conicle flask  · Glass syringe  · Bung  · Delivery tube  · Marble chips(5 grams)  · Hydrochloric acid(50 cm )  · Stop clock Other Apparatus that I May Need:-  · Stand (to hold up gas syringe)  · Thermometer (to take the temperature of the room before do each concentration.)  · Weighing scales (to weigh out marble chips). Method I am going to change the concentration of the hydrochloric acid to

Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham

A CBD is a central business district. This is the place where the majority of office blocks are and a large amount of comparison shops and shopping outlets. Also a factor that shows is that the land rent is high leading to the land being used to its full potential. I predict that there are several places in chippenham that could be possible CBD's. These are as follows: * In the upper part of the town near to the station * In the central high street * On the outskirts of town located in the bumpers farm industrial estate. Out of these I believe that the high street and the centre of the town are most likely to show characteristics of a CBD. Methodology How we can delimit the CBD of chippenham In order to find out where the CBD of chippenham is we are going to have to do one or two of several things. We will use the things that CBD's have in common and test chippenham to find where these things are most prominent (where the CBD will be). Some of the test that we can use will be: * Finding where the pedestrian density is the highest * Where the larger frontages of the shops are * Where there are a higher amount of fast food restaurants and cafes * We could use the nearest neighbour analysis on the shops * We could use the proportion of the shops and retail outlet compared to the other land used (in the CBD) it would be higher * We could conduct a business index (if we could gain access to the buildings) We have decided that due to a limit of time and recourse we will us the following method to find the CBD of Chippenham: * We will do a pedestrian count at several sites around the centre of the town, counting the amount of people that walk past us in a minute. We will repeat this get an average. * Pace out the frontage of the shop to find if there are any with a much larger space than others (these will probably be the chain stores). * And count the number of fast food and restaurant outlets from the arches to the market place at the top of town, as this will give us an idea of where the demand for fast food is at the highest. Once we have done this we will be able to plot graphs and draw conclusion of where the CBD is. Results and graphs A graph to show the pedestrian density on the centre of Chippenham This graph shows very clearly that as we get closer to the centre of town the density of pedestrians increase which is what we would have expected. Woolworth's is the place where the highest density is this is the middle of the high street. A graph to show the shop frontage of Chippenham town centre The largest shop frontage is on the eastern side of the street which includes Wilkinsons and Woolworth's. The largest shop frontage appears to be in the centre of the high street also agreeing with the prediction that I made. Evaluation From the evidence we have gathered we can see that the CBD of Chippenham is the centre of town. The pedestrian count showed a higher density of people in the centre than any other location in the town. There we a high amount of fast-food outlets and cafe in the town centre but these numbers decreased the further a way form town you got. The shop frontage count showed that the majority of large shop frontages were chain outlets and the larges ones we positioned in the town centre. However there were a few exceptions like Iceland which had a high frontage but want located in the centre. We also made an observation that in the north of the town there are a high amount of solicitors and building societies. These are comparison businesses so rely on each other for their trade; this is why they are all so close together. If I were going to this experiment again I would change certain things depending on the amount of money and recourses I had available to me. I think I would try and have a higher amount of people doing the pedestrian counts so that I could have larger amounts of data. This would hopefully improve the quality and accuracy of my results. I would have done the experiment at several different times if day to find out if that had an influence of the data. The experiment was done on a temperate day so I don't think the weather would have affected the results. I would have done the frontage of the shops with slightly more accurate equipment (measures with instruments rather than pacing). Thins may have had a bearing on the results however I think that the pacing method was fairly accurate.

Explain Why the American Economy Expanded so Much and so Fast Between 1890 and 1920.

Explain why the American economy expanded so much and so fast between 1890 and 1920. Between 1890 and 1920, the American economy expanded hugely at an extremely fast pace. This growth saw, by 1900, people employed in manufacturing, mining, construction and services rise from 4 million to 18 million and the USA was producing 30% of the worlds’ manufactured goods. There were many factors that caused this growth such as the development of the railways, immigration, a large supply of natural resources, the idea of the ‘American Dream’ and monopolies. One of the biggest factors of the rapid economic expansion was the development in transport and communication systems. The development of the railway provided links that allowed the creation of a national market and access to raw materials. Also, the building of the railroads was a stimulus to industrial development in itself. By 1890, the revenue from railroads was over $1,000 million; double that of the federal government, and the mileage had increased from 30,000 miles to over 190,000 between 1860 and 1900. This development of the railway was partly due to the mass immigration that came from Europe. The huge, sudden growth in population formed an unending supply if cheap, eager labour. Men were paid considerably small wages to complete tasks such as building the railways. Developments in communications such as the telegraph in 1944 and the telephone in 1876 were also very significant. This allowed large scale management to communicate effectively nationwide and meant that companies could establish operations all over the country with no communication problems. Industrial development, sales and purchases were also now much easier to deal with and wide scale marketing and advertising spread across the West. Another important factor of the economic growth is the fact that America had an almost unlimited supply of useful natural resources such as coal, iron, lead, copper and timber. These great numbers of natural materials meant that America could almost become self sufficient and needed not to rely on other countries in order to be stable. The USA was able to put high tariffs on the land to protect their goods from foreign competition and the development of he railway meant that the transport of these goods from place to place was made much easier. Furthermore, the powerful entrepreneurs, such as J. P. Morgan, the Rockefellers of New York and Carnegie also played a big part in this economy expansion. The fact that there was barely any regulations on big business meant that people could pretty much do as they pleased when it came to business a nd companies. These entrepreneurs, controlling much of the economy and the political scene, had a huge amount of control over production and marketing. The development of monopolies; with one firm controlling an entire market with absolutely no competition, and vertical immigration; with one firm controlling all stages of production, these firms were able to become very powerful and rich. This idea of money and power spread to the everyday citizens in America and became a source of inspiration. These entrepreneurs were living proof of the ‘American Dream’ and gave people more reason to believe that if they too worked hard, they would achieve success. The ‘American Dream’ was a big pull factor for immigrants. It gave the immigrants hope and belief that they could move to the USA and start a new life. In conclusion, there are many explanations and reasons as to why America’s economy expanded so much in such a small period of time. The rise of big business meant that the economy was thriving and America were almost self sufficient. However, evidently the arrival of immigrants was a huge factor as they mostly built the entire railroad system, allowing huge advances and developments to be made.

Conflict in N. Ireland essays

Conflict in N. Ireland essays The union of church and state, economic highs and lows, and nationalism are all global issues that affect different areas of the world in different ways. Protestants and Catholics have been fighting in Northern Ireland since the early 1900s and possibly even before that. While the two religious groups seem to be the main parties in the dispute, nationalism has played a very large role in the conflict between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The dispute is caused mainly by the presence of the United Kingdom as a control group in Ireland, and the nationalists and the unionists have formed sides in the controversy. In this essay, I will discuss a brief history of the conflict in Northern Ireland, describe the main groups that are fighting, why religion and nationalism play a role in the disagreement, and how the economy has been impacted. Some historians believe the conflicts in Northern Ireland began as long ago as 1609. At this time, Queen Elizabeths military was dominating the globe and, after many struggles, overtook the province of Ulster in Northern Ireland. Once the English took control the land was commandeered and British colonists began to push the native Irishmen out (Darby, 1995). So the broad outlines of the current conflict in Northern Ireland had been sketched out within fifty years of the plantation: the same territory was occupied by two hostile groups, one believing the land had been usurped and the other believing that their tenure was constantly under threat of rebellion...They identified their differences as religious and cultural as well as territorial, (Darby, 1995). In 1905 the Ulster Unionist Party was created and it was made up mostly of Protestant members of the British Parliament who represented Ireland, (Ulster Unionist Party, 2002). This party came up with a plan, which became known as Home Rule, which would give Ireland its own Parliament f...

Review of the Literature 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of the Literature 4 - Essay Example The past Islamic Revolutions demanded social transformation, alongside cultural, political, and religious renewal, but in reality, some key Muslim political leaders have not used populism to truly uplift the lives of their fellow believers. In Chapters seven to nine of Global Islamic Politics, Mir Zohair Husain explores the Iranian Islamic revolution and how it catapulted the importance of forming a genuinely Islamic state. The Islamic Revolution in Iran is pivotal to Islams resurgence, because it demonstrates the influence and power of Revolutionary Islamism in driving the affairs of the political economy. Husain, nevertheless, indicates the failure of revolutionary Islamists to change the lives of the poor masses for the better, as the former also become entrenched in traditional politics and aspire power for its own sake. Khomeini, in particular, has not effectively improved the socio-economic condition of his people during his rise to power. In "The Islamic Republic," Ervand Abra hamian argues that â€Å"populism† is a better concept that would fully grasp â€Å"Khomeinism.† Populism refers to the middle class and its movement that mobilized the lower class in rejecting the Wests brand of capitalism, imperialism, and political ideologies (Abrahamian 17). Populist movements desire to solve social problems of poverty through cultural, social, and political transformation (Abrahamian 17). This transformation has its roots in Islam, where the classical age is considered as the ideal and best model for Islamic states (Abrahamian 17). Abrahamian stresses that â€Å"opportunistic populism† is the only category that fits the ideological movement of â€Å"Khomeinism.† What is opportunistic in Khomeinis populism is that in his writings, he does not call for important social changes and related revolutions. Instead, he used popular

Video Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Video Evaluation - Essay Example This is a very discouraging concept to believe (Molyneux 2013). Prior to watching this video, it was to my understanding that social programs helped the poor people. I thought that the job forecast was actually increasing. I knew that our government was in over its head with debt but I presumed it was due to our country’s intervention in the Middle East. I believed that the middle class actually were living paycheck to paycheck and I did believe many lived off of credit cards and loans. However, I did not really realize that what they had spent was money they did not have in the first place. At the rate that this economy is moving, there is little to no hope of changing. I had no idea that we were so much worse off economically than we were in the 1950s and while it is easy to blame the President, the majority of the issues are also to be blamed on Congress. I discovered by watching this video, I was quite wrong about many of my theories about our economy. There is much to be learned from this video. The statistics are extremely eye-opening. When looking at the graphs and charts that Molyneux had created, it is evident that many thing that the government are doing to try to help increase the recovery process are actually failing. Programs that were established over 40 years ago are haunting the country today as people who do not work and live off the government are making more than those who do work. The debt is increasing per household, per corporation and also federally. People are spending imaginary money that they simply do not have. The wages people are making are spent on their debts. Items are increasing in price while what they make per hour cannot cover the prices of goods that people need. Many people are living well below poverty level. Actually, it appears that the people who are on welfare are sitting better economically than the people who are actually working to

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Research Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Street prostitution and its effects in the society

Street prostitution and its effects in the society This report tends to focus on prostitution, it main objectives being the trade on street prostitution and its effects in the society. The main objectives of prostitution have been taken into consideration, step by step making the whole paper easy to understand. The research mainly focuses on women who are the main sources of prostitution compared to men. The research is not based on gender discrimination but rather statistics which show that the number of women prostitute in this case out numbers the number of men by a ratio of four to one. The fact that prostitution is not legalized I many continents and countries, factors which are of the same relation are highly penalized in some of this continents. Examples of such cases include communicating in such a manner that can be complied with prostitution. The whole factor about not legalizing prostitution is based on the out comes of prostitution. This research tends to interview different sectors and areas which have been involved by t he same case. The research is base on the controversial good reports bad reports statement, prostitution is legal, but I is illegal to practice it. This paper brings about different perspectives including factors which may bring about the whole idea of prostitution. The outcome of prostitution being the main objective of the paper, It tends to analyze the cons and pros of the whole of the out come of prostitution, if the pros outnumber the cons in this sector there are vast information which will be taken into consideration. Information on whether prostitution should be made legal in continents which are not practicing the act. The difference between the controversial statement of prostitution being legal and the acts being illegal has been analyzed, to give controversial results of the outcome. Overview of methodology Research is a frequent used word in academic writing. It means different things. Research is a process of searching that ideally, never ends. Research enabled gather information on and about the outcome of prostitution. It was an attempt to seek knowledge of what is on ground matters affecting the outcome of prostitution, the major outcomes being both negative and positive factors. Research will employ philosophical, ethnical approach to try and come up with different aspects which can be considered during the analysis of prostitution. Research helped formulating with the phenomenon to achieve new insights to active and applicable solutions. This included testing a hypothesis of a casual relationship between independent variables related to the topic in study It is further defined as comprising, defining and redefining problems. Later, Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, organizing and formulating data. Deductions are made and reaching to conclusions and at least, carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. Research methodology characterized by the fact that it is deterministic. Fields and philosophical issues should be thoroughly researched to keep up to date with arising. It was generally seeking to accommodate all types of prostitutes in different countries. The elimination and exclusion of some individuals will be geared at being biased. Literature review Overview and summary on research design and major findings The main research strategy (design) was bas is based on Rajit (2005) Research structure. According to Rajit, reliable research is based on an eight step structure. Each step is a process in itself as described below. Formulating a research problem. This step involves literature review, formulation of a research problem, identification of variables and formulation of possible hypothesis. Conceptualizing of a research design: In this step, only two activities are involved. First is identifying a research design and second is selecting a study design for the research. Construction of an instrument for data collection: In this step, selection of a data collection method is done, then data is collected using attitudinal scales and last, a test to establish the validity of the data collection instrument is done. Sample selection: this is a brief step as it only involves the selection of a sample. Writing a research proposal: this is literary the most important step in the research process. Its success determines whether or not the research is to take place and how reliable its outcome is going to be. With reference to this research, it wouldnt be an overstatement to note that the research proposal was successful and that the outcome of the completed research is undoubtedly going to be a success. Data collection: This step marks the initial stage of the research process in the field. It simply involves collecting data as depicted by the name. Data analysis: During this second last step, data collected is processed and prepared for display and presentation. Report writing: This marks the end of the research. It compiles the research process in detail and provides conclusions of findings and recommendations. This structure as designed by Kumar in 2005 is the research methodology applied in this research. Quantitative reports are considered as results, of this methodology artifacts used in this case. Major outcomes The research involves major findings, this includes as to who is mostly involved in the whole prostitution sectors. The pros and cons of major findings have been brought into consideration in the whole area of findings. The questions which are brought about by the outcome of prostitution have been put in consideration. Some of the question which have been brought about as a means of the whole results process include, Is prostitution a victimless crime Is prostitution an outcome of free choice does prostitution take into consideration morality factors Does prostitution lead to human trafficking? The relationship between prostitution and violence HIV/AIDS prevention strategy Does prostitution lead to prevalence of rape? Does prostitution lead to a career opportunity The research further takes into consideration former prostitutes view point of the outcome of prostitution. The depicted questions tend to analyze the outcome of the whole project, Factor which affect the community based on their day to day activities, include facts which have been put into consideration in this research. The out come of the whole project can also be based on the governmental control factors and laws which have been put forward to make the whole issue, liable in major findings. What are the facts which the government uses in order to make the whole issues of prostitution against the rules of the country? The advantages which come about with prostitution have also been viewed in the conclusion of the whole research protocol. The major outcome of this project is based on the number of interviews which have been conducted; this was a way of making the whole research viable, and to statistically predict the major outcomes of different countries. Specific research area directly related to study According to a research conducted in the United Kingdom concerning the effects of prostitution, Doctor Johnson H, directed different artifacts as to why prostitution should be legalized, and at the same time why it should be considered as an illegal act. He stated that if prostitution was legalized it would follow different financial aspects. The aspects include the economy of different states in western countries improving. It was not only based that the economy of the given states would improve but the economy of the prostitutes as well. It was established that without the latest laws which force prostitutes to underground, the whole idea of prostitution would become an ideal factor and a professional as a whole. In the U.K the laws which have been passed forward to discriminate the whole idea of prostitution are said to be unconstitutional. The whole legitimate aspect of the whole ideal can be seen in the provision of different aspects which are utilized in the same case. The cons titution of the UK tends to legalize prostitution but the aspects which have been brought forward by the laws which govern the country tend to diminish the profession. The research tends to bring about the idea that if the act is certified, the government of the area is most probably going to increase its asset in matters involving economic know how strategies. According to the san Francisco task force on prostitution fund, the research on the amount of money that the government tends to use in order to diminish the whole act of prostitution, can be used in other sectors which are mainly based on the uplifting of the whole country. The San Francisco task power is a faction of researchers, there are main objective in san Francisco tends to come out with different aspects which are of great importance to the whole idea brought about by prostitution. The solution is tried to be based on the major laws which have been enacted in the state. Although the two never agree on the deals which are brought forward it is clear that they usually agree on two factors and this includes, factors which include legalizing of prostitution and main factors affecting the way in which funds used to stop prostitution can be put in to better use. According to the research brought forward it was stated that variety of analogies can be analyzed in the outcome of the whole outcome strategy. Robert Noce, an expert from Manitoba states that lawyers in different firms wants to see prostitution become a worth while business in which the tax payment inducted in the whole process are generated to be of great importance to the government. This m eans thus the business tends to make a positive strategy to the whole religion, and the fact that prostitutes tend to hind themselves underground when dealing with the whole perspective makes the state loose a large amount of money in the different states. The whole perspective of the research conducted in Canada tries to bring about the ideal and controversial idea in dating agency, the whole perspective is brought about to show the different strategies which prostitutes use to be in the market. The researcher remarkably states that naivety is detected in the way people tend to burry their heads assuming that nothing is going around them. The research also tries to prove that the highest bid exist in different established states are based on controversial idea and agency surrounding the governmental agency around. The paper concludes that the highest amount of money which is spent in prostitution, is the money used to fight against the idea. Billions of dollars are spent in the who le ideology in Canada each year trying to eradicate this project. This brings about the outcome of lose of funds from the government. The pros of the whole research project insist that if the outcome of legalization of prostitution includes getting enough money to increase the strategic manner in which the government investments in other projects. Terms and definitions Blinded study This involves terms which have been used in this research to make sure that the reader of the results does not misinterpret the whole ideology behind it. In this case of studies some of the common terms which have been used include government, law, constitution, and prostitutes. Government: this is a governing body within a specific country or organization. It tends to make decision for the whole country concerning natters which may affect the country in future. In the research the government has been used to main factors which it uses to make the whole ideology worth using. It has further been established that the factors which the government uses to rule a country are called laws. Laws: this is prevailing terms which limit a person in doing something under a given environment. Under different countries government passes laws in order to make sure that the act of prostitution is not practiced at all in the given areas. This brings about the concept of understanding between different parties in the whole religion factor. Constitution: involves a document which has been discussed by the government including the rights of specific individuals in the state. Every one hast specific right in a given country, this can be established as one factor that tends to bring people together in a specific country. Prostitution: this is the commercial exchange of money for sex, or other factors which may be described under the act. Different aspects can be evaluated when using this terms as different countries have their own meaning of who a prostitute may be. The term thus differs from one state to the other. An example include the explanation based on Arabia culture and western culture, they tend to give different meaning in the aspects provided. Critical evaluation The research strategy used in this thesis tries to describe the factors which can be evaluated in the factors of study. Through various decisive literature reviews, it describes how different prostitution factors are of great importance to the government. The outcome was greatly involved with factors which were well related to the vast economic factors brought forward in the economy directory. The evaluation conduction possibility showed that the pros outnumber the cons of the whole ideology of prostitution. The main factors which come up due to the same ideology strategy have been strategically narrowed down. Different laws have been narrowed down to explain the whole strategic idea. Research Question: Is conducting research on outcome of prostitution necessary? The necessity to do the research based on the current health implications of prostitution in the United States. Researchers have shown through practical and theoretical arguments about prostitution. The clear effects of prostitution to a country have been put in consideration. When a condition affects too many people at the same time and it hit them at the same time, the effects of prostitution can therefore be generated by the outcomes of the discussed perspectives which have been brought forward by the research factors. Further the research is based at making reliable recommendations for the future prostitution based on the outcome of the research. The research tends to find out the pros and cons of prostitution, which can be very helpful to future findings of the government. Research hypothesis: tomorrow allegation of prostitution are depended on research conducted today The findings of this research shall contribute to the laying of preventive measures/ which can be put against prostitution. The outcome of the whole research is also a factor which produces a debating factor among governing officials in order to know whether to lift different strategic laws. These laws can be lifted or tightened depending on the whole study. Further, the research tends to give specific recommendation to the government concerning the negative results of prostitution. Aim; the main aim of conducting this research is to identify the risk factors for prostitution in the American population. This is attained through: Conducting a literature review on prostitute in united states Proposing research Conducting research and Reporting Research findings Research design and execution This structure used in this research is designed by Kumar in 2005 is the research methodology applied in this research. It tends to take different perspectives into consideration. This include major evaluation of the results, the methods of research has been broken down to make sure that the whole aspect takes the major aspect considered in the order which the information has been conducted in the given research proposal segments. The methodology tends to take different information produced into consideration, thus no specific loose of data. Data is collected using different strategies and analyzing of the data takes different perspectives into consideration. Data collection methods The designs shown below are a plan of how the data in the population is going to be accessed or received. There are various means of data gathering that can be used in the following proposals, but due to saving resources, time and money. The proposals outline the most important aspects only that can be used for data collection The researcher used various methods in her course work to investigate the relationship between environments and prostitution implications. This includes the questionnaire method, interviews, library research and observation which are the four major methods used. A combination of this helped the researcher to come up with concrete and diverse information. 3.1.1 Questionnaires A questionnaire is a group or sequence of questions designed to elicit information upon a subject or sequence of subjects from an informant. Kenton defines a questionnaire as an instrument that consists of a set of questions to which the subject responds in writing. The questionnaire was administered to prostitutes in an open manner. This ensured that it attracts the most basic and true information on the prostitutes. This was similarly, administered though the media in programs aired in them. The researcher administered questionnaires on students because it was easier and faster to reach the teenagers and youth who are the most vulnerable persons in the act of prostitutions. The questionnaire was also taken to different clubs in the united states, this being the area that is mostly hit by the effect of prostitution. 3.1.2 Interview Schedule National Collaborating Centre for research defines an interview schedule as a conversation in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required they can understand the question put to them and would be willing to give honest answers while they are face to face with the researcher. Interviews were quite useful for the interviewer because through creating a good rapport with the respondents, much more vital information was obtained. It was up to the interviewer to control the order in which the questions flowed basing on the prior given answers by the interviewer. The tools used were unstructured interviews to get views on peoples opinion on prostitution, like whether it should be done away with in the media, how it has influenced peoples lives and what should be done to stop prostitution in the street of the United States. 3.1.3 Observation Observation consists of a set of specific instruments including use of standardized observation forms and participant observer. Observing is not confined to seeing only but also hearing and analyzing. The researcher was able to interact with religious heads, media practitioners people and from different religion. By definition the researcher was able to get firsthand information for example on the negative effect of prostitution in the given population. Assessment of potential problems in data collection Data collection was based on different strategies including factors that may affect the possible outcome. However, to decrease the impact of the above limitations, this research has taken intensive planning measures and created regulative measures that should be taken into consideration when going through the report. Various aspects have been considered I this research, another limitation that was encountered while collecting data is hostility from different prostitutes. The idea limited the length of personnels who gave information on the data collected. Scope and limitation of your study First and foremost, any research is faced with a challenge of imperfection. However data collection, analysis and presentation may be accurate, there always exist measures of tendency in which deviations are expected to occur. This research is limited in such consideration. Second challenge is of bias rooting from misinterpretation of meanings of phrases. Third, the field research always has perverse conditions than those planned for; this could limit the research process in terms of resource availability. The whole strategic ideology of the whole planning perspective has been taken into consideration to make sure that this does not affect the outcome of the data. Ethical concerns and human subject protection issues Human Subject Protection Review Application and Approval For a just and fair research in this research, ethical and legal issues ought to be considered. The legal issues expected are in form of, collaborative partnerships with all stakeholders, social or clinical relevance, and scientific merit, fair selection of subjects, ffavourable risk-benefit assessment, informed consent, independent ethical review and respect for participants. On the other hand, ethical issues to be considered can be considered as outlined in the Principles for ethical research. These are: respect for persons through, autonomy (informed consent), privacy and cconfidentiality; beneficence to do well and protect from harm and lastly justice as in through fair distribution of benefits and burdens. Security of signed informed consent form Different forms were used in the interview to let the person under question. This is a way of assuring the person that his/ her information is secure with the researcher and it is not going to be used for any distractive means. This has to come up with a contract or a form which the two are to agree with each other. This comes with consequence of trying to convince the interview on signing the contract. A consent form should have assuring means of which the person being interviewed can use against the interviewer incase he uses the information, contrary to their agreement. Data collection Process and timeliness The research is basically planned on taking six months. Each of the months is presented with a specified task. Below is a breakdown of the tasks involved in each of the stipulated months. First Month: Direct tasks Presentation of research proposal for approval In this step, there shall be research proposal writing. The research proposal upon compilation shall then be presented to sponsors and other relevant authorities for approval and funding. There shall be the mild pre research done at this stage to ensure that the proposal is sufficiently equipped with necessary and relevant information towards wooing the sponsors and the approving bodies to support the research in ways possible. Second month: Gathering logistics and preparation of data collection tools. Upon the approval, the initial steps in the research process shall involve preparation for the practical work in the field. In this level, resources required for the success of the study shall be identified. They shall then be gathered together. In this stage as well, there shall be setting up of a site from which the research or study shall be run. There shall be further planning on the specific logistics to be carried out during the study. Third month: Collection of data from target population. This is the most important step in this study. It shall involve the previously discussed methods of data collection. The study first of all involves researchers setting out to the field to make first hand observations. Researchers are also herein obligated with a task to sample sources in the field and record first hand observations. This gives this study a primary sense of sources in research. On the other hand, this study is also subject to previous studies conducted successfully on subjects relevant to this case. This therefore gives this research paper a secondary research form. Therefore, in essence, it is not an overstatement to say that this study takes root in both primary and secondary sources of data. This choice is aimed at increasing the scope of sources and subsequently widening the information needed. With wider information, this study will be better positioned to draw more realistic conclusions and recommendations. The featured sources of data are as presented below. Fourth Month: Data verification and analysis. Since part of the data collected shall involve numbers and other measurements such as demographic and geographic, quantitative approach in research shall come in handy. The approach shall further come in handy in analysis of the quantitative data collected. Finally, presentation of this data in form of graphs, tables and charts shall also be guided and made easier by the quantitative approach in research. On the other hand, the choice of the qualitative approach in research is based on the fact that part of the research is based on opinion from individuals and therefore can only be qualitatively measured. This is inclusive of questions asked to respondents either as individuals or as representatives of institutions. Thus, the qualitative approach in research, analysis and presentation of such data shall herein come in handy. Fifth month: Complying of data and final report writing This is part of the final steps involved in the research writing exercise. In this stage, data collected and analyzed shall be compiled together. It shall be presented in report format both in soft and hard copy. Data presentation shall herein use academic writing formats, use of charts, tables and graphs. Sixth month: Policy Implications According to the information gained, the research will implement various methods in which can be used to either to present to the authority the outcomes thus giving their ideology in prostitution. He should also find various methods to gain access to local people through various non governmental organizations in order to help him through with the funds. Major problems There might be problems in the funding of the whole research system. Without funds from the given groups, this research will prove to be of little estimate, and it wont take place in the given perspective measures. This brings about the only main disadvantage which may cause the whole research not to take place. Analysis and interpretation Major findings and interpretations There were major cons and pros which were found involving prostitution. Different aspects and question provided different aspect in analyzing the data. Prostitution was found to be a victimless crime: it was found out that prostitution provides an arena where men, women, and children are open to different perspective of commercial enterprise business. When a prostitute is forced to be in a sex scene this can be said to be a form of insult. Other internship includes when a pimp order a prostitute to do sexual acts which are based on demands, this can be based as exploitation or rape. Different prostitutes gave their experiences on how they have been abused, raped by their pimps. This brings the first conclusion that prostitutes tends to have an outcome of rape and sexual abuse in the society. Prostitute and choice: according to the research carried out it showed that prostitution was as results of choice to be economically stability, this is by far the main reason as to why the whole aspect tends to happen. One of the outcomes of prostitution is children not going to schools for the prostitutes who dont know how to manage their money. The economic drainage of the whole process tends to be of reliance in the given information. Morality of prostitution: the whole idea of prostitution is wrong according to morals. Even though is has been stated to be oldest job strategy in the market. This has a negative impact in lack of moral conscience within a given population. This has its negative side as it can lead to death due to various aspects that have been showed in this case. Human trafficking: the idea of human trafficking is one of the outcomes of prostitution as a business for pimps. It has always been done in specific areas to children to make sure that business continues. Due to the whole ideology perspectives major issues have come to bring about the concepts which have been based on the controversial idea of prostitution. Thus prostitution is one of the major aspects which bring about human trafficking in the country. Prostitution and violence: this is one of the major outcomes of prostitutions in different areas. It does not matter if the act is legal or illegal, facts stand that the act tend to lead to homicide of women involved and death. Spread of HIV/AIDS: there is an increasing spread of the diseases due to prostitution. Facts stand that even if prostitutes are tested each and every week for the disease, there will a high risk of customers get the virus. According to medicine, the disease takes absolutely 12 weeks to be detected depending on the body of an individual. This has brought about perspectives which are of great importance to the spread of the disease. Prevalence of rape: rape is one of the cases which have been brought forward by the aspects which have been put in question. Prostitution helps in prevalence of rape, as it is its major aspects, leading to prevalence of the whole issue. Summary and Conclusion Evaluation of hypothesis and recommendation for future researchers Major means of trying to eradicate prostitution lie in the given perspectives. The negative outcomes of prostitution tend to outnumber the cons thus making the whole ideology bad to the society. Future plannings and laws involving prostitution can be based in this research as it proves the outcomes of the sector. Different measures have been argued in the research thus making it reliable for future researchers. Different policy decisions making protocols can also base their terminologies and ideas in this research. It is highly Recommended that future researcher take into consideration content analysis. The advantage of content analysis discussed above is that the factor of personal views and feeling towards a subject is catered for. Unlike majority other methods such as logical analysis which involves mathematical representation of issues, content analysis accommodates numerically immeasurable forces around the question of satiability prostitution profession.